Scholarly Journals
Craig, Patricia. "Narnia Revisited". Irish Pages, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2006): 160-174. Web. 2006.
Patricia Craig's article discusses the similarities and differences present in J. R.R. Tolkein's The Lord of the Rings and C.S. Lewis' Narnia. She discusses her great admiration for Narnia over Tolkein's work and conveys how she noticed the immensity of Christian imagery throughout the novel. She goes through each section of the plot and applies religious imagery to each character, from Aslan to the White Witch. Craig also provides some context on Lewis' magical figures and suggests that they are taken from Northern folklore and myths. Therefore, this article will help me greatly in discussing Christian imagery from the book and film Narnia.
Hughes Dean, and Piehl, Kathy. "Bait/Rebait: Books for Young Readers That Touch on Religious Themes Do Not Get a Fair Shake in the
Marketplace". The English Journal, Vol. 70, No. 8 (1981): 14-17. Web. December 1981.
Dean Hughes and Kathy Piehl's article discusses the positives and negatives of having religious themes within children's literature. Hughes discusses how young people should be subject to questions of morality and justice rather than appearances and relationships as they grow up. Piehl on the other hand, discusses how texts with religious themes are generally lacking in literary techniques and plot structure. Together, they create an unbiased outlook on religious themes within children's literature and the effect it has on their age group. Therefore, this article will be beneficial in helping me to discuss the effect that C.S. Lewis has on his readers by including Christian imagery and themes.
Petrik, James M. "In Defense of C.S. Lewis's Analysis of God's Goodness". International Journal for Philosophy and Religion, Vol. 36, No.
1 (1994): 45-56. Web. August 1994.
James M. Petrik's article conveys C. S. Lewis' perspective on good versus evil in society by referencing his text, The Problem of Pain. He creates an argument supporting Lewis' philosophical beliefs against other critics. He defends the consideration that God is inherently good and that his idea of morality is a fair one. He also discusses the redemptive qualities associated with self-sacrifice in his works. He provides a strong argument supporting Lewis' views on morality and the nature of good and evil from a philosophical standpoint. Therefore, I will use this article to provide some insight into the sense of morality involved in both the novel and film, Narnia. I will also use it to analyze the thought process involved within C.S. Lewis' work.
Russell, James. "Narnia as a Site of National Struggle: Marketing, Christianity, and National Purpose in "The Chronicles of Narnia: The
Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe"". Cinema Journal, Vol. 68, No. 4 (2009): 59-76. Web. Summer 2009.
James Russell's article discusses the negativity that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe presents towards Evangelical Christians in Disney's film adaptation of the novel. He also suggests that C.S. Lewis' book had a more positive outlook on religion whereas, the film adaptation is more concerned with marketing and corporate power than inspiring children to pursue their faith. He discusses Lewis' portrayal of Aslan as the Christ figure and the White Witch as Satanic. This section of the series in particular, conveys Christian morals and values in society and seeks to educate children through literature. Russell discusses how the film on the other hand, strays from these original values and urges youth towards consumerism rather than faith. Therefore, Russell's article includes relevant content and criticisms which are suitable for my website.
Watson, George. "The Art of Disagreement: C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)". The Hudson Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (1995): 229-239. Web. Summer
1995.
George Watson's article discusses the life of C.S. Lewis and comments on his experiences with Christianity. The article is presented as a personal account as it is written in the form of first person. He conveys Lewis' life as an educator, philosopher and author. He comments on his great popularity and effective manner of speaking to the public. Therefore, this article will help me to gain a sense of context and background on the life of C.S. Lewis as his beliefs are presented within his books on Narnia.
Books
Lewis, C.S. "Mere Christianity". New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Print.
C.S. Lewis' book defends and explains the belief systems of Christianity. He attempts to reject the many denominations present in the religion and convey a new way of thinking for Christians that may bring them closer together as a community. He discusses concepts of morality, faith, justice, behaviour and doctrine as it pertains to the religion. Each of these topics are explored in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Therefore, by analyzing Lewis' perspectives and influences from Christianity, I will be able to gain a better understanding of his thought processes in Narnia and contrast this with the religion presented in the Disney film.
Lewis, C.S. "The Screwtape Letters". New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Print.
C.S. Lewis' book is a fictional interpretation of Christian morality. It is written from the point of view of a demon named Screwtape who attempts to teach his nephew, Wormwood about securing the damnation of a man on Earth. Here, Lewis presents an argument about the temptation of evil in mankind. He suggests that only places that have good within them can be tormented by evil. His interpretation in the text is rich with Christian imagery, much like Narnia. He attempts to educate his audience about the nature of good and evil in our society through this work of imagination. Therefore, this text is presented in a similar way to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe which subtly teaches children about Christianity in our society. Thus, it will be very useful in helping me to review religious images and themes within both the book and film, Narnia.
Strobel, Lee. "The Case For Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus". Michigan: Zondervan, 1998. Print.
Lee Strobel's book contains many interviews with specialists in an attempt to find evidence that Jesus was in fact real. The text focuses on deciphering the validity in biographies about him. He conducts interviews based on supposed eye-witness accounts, the accuracy of evidence in documentaries, theoretical evidence and scientific knowledge. He discusses these topics with doctorates who specialize in biblical studies and deciphering old texts. Therefore, these scholarly interviews should provide me with some insight into the beliefs that people carry regarding the life of Jesus.
Websites
"BBC-Religions-Christianity: C.S. Lewis". BBC. BBC Religions, 6 Aug. 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.
This article discusses the life and religion of C.S. Lewis, and their influences on his works. It conveys his conversion to Christianity and how this change inspired many of his fictional novels and brought about many discussions regarding philosophy and academics. This article also describes his background and lifestyle in great detail which led him to the creation of his works. Therefore, this article will help me to gain some insight into C.S. Lewis' philosophy and lifestyle regarding religion within his works.
Corin, Prince. "Edmund and Aslan conversation". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 13 Nov. 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip conveys Edmund's return to the side of Aslan in the Disney film. As he meets his siblings, they welcome in with open arms. Aslan states that the subject of his betrayal should not be spoken of again which suggests he was forgiven for his actions.Aslan's forgiveness of Edmund in the novel appears more merciful however, as he is presented as more of a traitor in the book than in the film. Therefore, this clip will help me to decipher the Christian imagery of mercy and forgiveness in both the text and its film adaptation.
CSLewisDoodle. "'Right & Wrong' - A Clue to the Meaning of the Universe by C.S. Lewis Doodle (BBC Talk 1/Chapter 1)".Online clip.
Youtube. Youtube, 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip gives a visual representation of one of C.S. Lewis' books. It discusses a philosophical perspective of how we behave as human beings. He also discusses our sense of morality and social standards in society. The images help to make the text more understandable and entertaining. The drawings also put the discussion into a modern context for audiences of our current society. The clip also expresses how our sense of morality ultimately hasn't changed that much over time. This will aid me in my website as I will apply this to choices made by characters within the film and text of Narnia.
fetixarmmagefemdom666. "Villainess-White Witch". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip contains the majority of the scenes portraying the interactions between the White Witch and Edmund. These scenes convey Edmund's fear of the Witch and emphasize her villainy throughout the films. This is a different portrayal from C.S. Lewis' book as Edmund and the Witch freely converse and don't appear to have much tension in their relationship. These interactions in the film are largely brought about by threats made by the Witch to which, Edmund reacts out of compassion in order to spare the lives of others. Therefore, this clip will help me to compare and contrast the relationship between Edmund and the Witch in the film and novel.
gnosisandlight. "C.S. Lewis's surviving BBC radio address". Online clip. Youtube. Youtube, 19 March 2008. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip is of C.S. Lewis' radio address where he discusses concepts of prayer and evolution in society. He communicate this subject from a philosophical, Christian and educational standpoint. He suggests that no matter what we do, it is inevitable that we will end up doing bad things. Rather than dwelling on this fact, he says that we should try to do the best we can to be good people and stop worrying about what we are doing wrong in society. This address was eventually but into his book, Mere Christianity. Thus, this clip will help me to understand the viewpoint of Lewis on the nature of prayer and societal values. It will also help me to better understand his thought process throughout The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Kassa, Eden. "The Chronicles of Narnia-The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe-meeting Aslan". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3
April 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip portrays the children's first encounter with Aslan in the Disney film. When he stands before them they appear happy and content. This is very different from the text as they shield their eyes in his presence during this section. This likely conveys a change in the severity and attitude towards Christianity over the years. Nowadays, children are taught about a merciful and compassionate God. Thus, this scene may be a modern adaptation for children who are learning about Christianity. Therefore, this clip will help me to discuss changes in the attitude towards various teachings of Christianity.
Lewis, C.S. "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". HarperCollins Canada, 2005.
This novel by C.S. Lewis is essentially what my project is based off of. It conveys the battle between good and evil in a fictional society through the use of Christian imagery. I believe that this will aid me in comparing the text to the film and discussing the differences in their representations of religion. As a philosopher and educator, Lewis provides insight into the doctrine and practices of faith within his book. The film on the other hand, provides a slightly different and less severe representation of Christianity as it was developed several years after the novel was published. Therefore, the text will help me to discuss religious imagery and contrast this with the film's adaptation.
MGWDiznut. "Walt Disney World- The Chronicles of Narnia". Online clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3 Nov. 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip potrays a tour in Disney World of the film production of Narnia. Essentially it is a corporate development in order gain money for the film through a Disney World attraction. It includes the wardrobe used on the set of the film, a skit by an actress playing the White Witch and several clips from the film itself. This will be useful for my website in that it portrays the actual motivation behind the film, which is corporate power. Whereas, C.S. Lewis wrote his series not for money, but for pleasure. Therefore, I will be able to use this clip to emphasize the differences between the novel and the film.
Nault, Brent. "Aslan's death and resurrection". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 25 March 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip portrays Aslan's death and resurrection in Disney's Narnia. It conveys an elaborate representation of Christian imagery as the Witch and her demons kill him as a prophecy predicts. Aslan in this scene is largely portrayed as the Christ figure through his imminent death and resurrection. The Witch on the other hand, is portrayed as the devil figure as the ruler of the demons. This characterization will be necessary for my project as it will help to emphasize the intended Christian imagery which C.S. Lewis first proposed in his works. Therefore, this scene from the film will also be useful to compare and contrast with the original novel which it is based off of.
Craig, Patricia. "Narnia Revisited". Irish Pages, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2006): 160-174. Web. 2006.
Patricia Craig's article discusses the similarities and differences present in J. R.R. Tolkein's The Lord of the Rings and C.S. Lewis' Narnia. She discusses her great admiration for Narnia over Tolkein's work and conveys how she noticed the immensity of Christian imagery throughout the novel. She goes through each section of the plot and applies religious imagery to each character, from Aslan to the White Witch. Craig also provides some context on Lewis' magical figures and suggests that they are taken from Northern folklore and myths. Therefore, this article will help me greatly in discussing Christian imagery from the book and film Narnia.
Hughes Dean, and Piehl, Kathy. "Bait/Rebait: Books for Young Readers That Touch on Religious Themes Do Not Get a Fair Shake in the
Marketplace". The English Journal, Vol. 70, No. 8 (1981): 14-17. Web. December 1981.
Dean Hughes and Kathy Piehl's article discusses the positives and negatives of having religious themes within children's literature. Hughes discusses how young people should be subject to questions of morality and justice rather than appearances and relationships as they grow up. Piehl on the other hand, discusses how texts with religious themes are generally lacking in literary techniques and plot structure. Together, they create an unbiased outlook on religious themes within children's literature and the effect it has on their age group. Therefore, this article will be beneficial in helping me to discuss the effect that C.S. Lewis has on his readers by including Christian imagery and themes.
Petrik, James M. "In Defense of C.S. Lewis's Analysis of God's Goodness". International Journal for Philosophy and Religion, Vol. 36, No.
1 (1994): 45-56. Web. August 1994.
James M. Petrik's article conveys C. S. Lewis' perspective on good versus evil in society by referencing his text, The Problem of Pain. He creates an argument supporting Lewis' philosophical beliefs against other critics. He defends the consideration that God is inherently good and that his idea of morality is a fair one. He also discusses the redemptive qualities associated with self-sacrifice in his works. He provides a strong argument supporting Lewis' views on morality and the nature of good and evil from a philosophical standpoint. Therefore, I will use this article to provide some insight into the sense of morality involved in both the novel and film, Narnia. I will also use it to analyze the thought process involved within C.S. Lewis' work.
Russell, James. "Narnia as a Site of National Struggle: Marketing, Christianity, and National Purpose in "The Chronicles of Narnia: The
Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe"". Cinema Journal, Vol. 68, No. 4 (2009): 59-76. Web. Summer 2009.
James Russell's article discusses the negativity that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe presents towards Evangelical Christians in Disney's film adaptation of the novel. He also suggests that C.S. Lewis' book had a more positive outlook on religion whereas, the film adaptation is more concerned with marketing and corporate power than inspiring children to pursue their faith. He discusses Lewis' portrayal of Aslan as the Christ figure and the White Witch as Satanic. This section of the series in particular, conveys Christian morals and values in society and seeks to educate children through literature. Russell discusses how the film on the other hand, strays from these original values and urges youth towards consumerism rather than faith. Therefore, Russell's article includes relevant content and criticisms which are suitable for my website.
Watson, George. "The Art of Disagreement: C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)". The Hudson Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (1995): 229-239. Web. Summer
1995.
George Watson's article discusses the life of C.S. Lewis and comments on his experiences with Christianity. The article is presented as a personal account as it is written in the form of first person. He conveys Lewis' life as an educator, philosopher and author. He comments on his great popularity and effective manner of speaking to the public. Therefore, this article will help me to gain a sense of context and background on the life of C.S. Lewis as his beliefs are presented within his books on Narnia.
Books
Lewis, C.S. "Mere Christianity". New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Print.
C.S. Lewis' book defends and explains the belief systems of Christianity. He attempts to reject the many denominations present in the religion and convey a new way of thinking for Christians that may bring them closer together as a community. He discusses concepts of morality, faith, justice, behaviour and doctrine as it pertains to the religion. Each of these topics are explored in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Therefore, by analyzing Lewis' perspectives and influences from Christianity, I will be able to gain a better understanding of his thought processes in Narnia and contrast this with the religion presented in the Disney film.
Lewis, C.S. "The Screwtape Letters". New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Print.
C.S. Lewis' book is a fictional interpretation of Christian morality. It is written from the point of view of a demon named Screwtape who attempts to teach his nephew, Wormwood about securing the damnation of a man on Earth. Here, Lewis presents an argument about the temptation of evil in mankind. He suggests that only places that have good within them can be tormented by evil. His interpretation in the text is rich with Christian imagery, much like Narnia. He attempts to educate his audience about the nature of good and evil in our society through this work of imagination. Therefore, this text is presented in a similar way to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe which subtly teaches children about Christianity in our society. Thus, it will be very useful in helping me to review religious images and themes within both the book and film, Narnia.
Strobel, Lee. "The Case For Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus". Michigan: Zondervan, 1998. Print.
Lee Strobel's book contains many interviews with specialists in an attempt to find evidence that Jesus was in fact real. The text focuses on deciphering the validity in biographies about him. He conducts interviews based on supposed eye-witness accounts, the accuracy of evidence in documentaries, theoretical evidence and scientific knowledge. He discusses these topics with doctorates who specialize in biblical studies and deciphering old texts. Therefore, these scholarly interviews should provide me with some insight into the beliefs that people carry regarding the life of Jesus.
Websites
"BBC-Religions-Christianity: C.S. Lewis". BBC. BBC Religions, 6 Aug. 2009. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.
This article discusses the life and religion of C.S. Lewis, and their influences on his works. It conveys his conversion to Christianity and how this change inspired many of his fictional novels and brought about many discussions regarding philosophy and academics. This article also describes his background and lifestyle in great detail which led him to the creation of his works. Therefore, this article will help me to gain some insight into C.S. Lewis' philosophy and lifestyle regarding religion within his works.
Corin, Prince. "Edmund and Aslan conversation". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 13 Nov. 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip conveys Edmund's return to the side of Aslan in the Disney film. As he meets his siblings, they welcome in with open arms. Aslan states that the subject of his betrayal should not be spoken of again which suggests he was forgiven for his actions.Aslan's forgiveness of Edmund in the novel appears more merciful however, as he is presented as more of a traitor in the book than in the film. Therefore, this clip will help me to decipher the Christian imagery of mercy and forgiveness in both the text and its film adaptation.
CSLewisDoodle. "'Right & Wrong' - A Clue to the Meaning of the Universe by C.S. Lewis Doodle (BBC Talk 1/Chapter 1)".Online clip.
Youtube. Youtube, 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip gives a visual representation of one of C.S. Lewis' books. It discusses a philosophical perspective of how we behave as human beings. He also discusses our sense of morality and social standards in society. The images help to make the text more understandable and entertaining. The drawings also put the discussion into a modern context for audiences of our current society. The clip also expresses how our sense of morality ultimately hasn't changed that much over time. This will aid me in my website as I will apply this to choices made by characters within the film and text of Narnia.
fetixarmmagefemdom666. "Villainess-White Witch". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip contains the majority of the scenes portraying the interactions between the White Witch and Edmund. These scenes convey Edmund's fear of the Witch and emphasize her villainy throughout the films. This is a different portrayal from C.S. Lewis' book as Edmund and the Witch freely converse and don't appear to have much tension in their relationship. These interactions in the film are largely brought about by threats made by the Witch to which, Edmund reacts out of compassion in order to spare the lives of others. Therefore, this clip will help me to compare and contrast the relationship between Edmund and the Witch in the film and novel.
gnosisandlight. "C.S. Lewis's surviving BBC radio address". Online clip. Youtube. Youtube, 19 March 2008. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip is of C.S. Lewis' radio address where he discusses concepts of prayer and evolution in society. He communicate this subject from a philosophical, Christian and educational standpoint. He suggests that no matter what we do, it is inevitable that we will end up doing bad things. Rather than dwelling on this fact, he says that we should try to do the best we can to be good people and stop worrying about what we are doing wrong in society. This address was eventually but into his book, Mere Christianity. Thus, this clip will help me to understand the viewpoint of Lewis on the nature of prayer and societal values. It will also help me to better understand his thought process throughout The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Kassa, Eden. "The Chronicles of Narnia-The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe-meeting Aslan". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3
April 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip portrays the children's first encounter with Aslan in the Disney film. When he stands before them they appear happy and content. This is very different from the text as they shield their eyes in his presence during this section. This likely conveys a change in the severity and attitude towards Christianity over the years. Nowadays, children are taught about a merciful and compassionate God. Thus, this scene may be a modern adaptation for children who are learning about Christianity. Therefore, this clip will help me to discuss changes in the attitude towards various teachings of Christianity.
Lewis, C.S. "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". HarperCollins Canada, 2005.
This novel by C.S. Lewis is essentially what my project is based off of. It conveys the battle between good and evil in a fictional society through the use of Christian imagery. I believe that this will aid me in comparing the text to the film and discussing the differences in their representations of religion. As a philosopher and educator, Lewis provides insight into the doctrine and practices of faith within his book. The film on the other hand, provides a slightly different and less severe representation of Christianity as it was developed several years after the novel was published. Therefore, the text will help me to discuss religious imagery and contrast this with the film's adaptation.
MGWDiznut. "Walt Disney World- The Chronicles of Narnia". Online clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3 Nov. 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip potrays a tour in Disney World of the film production of Narnia. Essentially it is a corporate development in order gain money for the film through a Disney World attraction. It includes the wardrobe used on the set of the film, a skit by an actress playing the White Witch and several clips from the film itself. This will be useful for my website in that it portrays the actual motivation behind the film, which is corporate power. Whereas, C.S. Lewis wrote his series not for money, but for pleasure. Therefore, I will be able to use this clip to emphasize the differences between the novel and the film.
Nault, Brent. "Aslan's death and resurrection". Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 25 March 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2015.
This clip portrays Aslan's death and resurrection in Disney's Narnia. It conveys an elaborate representation of Christian imagery as the Witch and her demons kill him as a prophecy predicts. Aslan in this scene is largely portrayed as the Christ figure through his imminent death and resurrection. The Witch on the other hand, is portrayed as the devil figure as the ruler of the demons. This characterization will be necessary for my project as it will help to emphasize the intended Christian imagery which C.S. Lewis first proposed in his works. Therefore, this scene from the film will also be useful to compare and contrast with the original novel which it is based off of.